A voter's guide to recognizing ordinary election administration, legitimate disputes, misinformation, and warning signs of interference.
Elections are run by your neighbors, under rules set in advance, with courts available to settle disputes. Most problems you will hear about are ordinary and get fixed. A few are not ordinary. This guide lists the warning signs, and when each one tends to show up. It applies to anyone, from any party or any country.
Three questions to ask about any claim or action
- Is there evidence, or only an accusation?
- Is it going through lawful channels (election offices, recounts, courts), or around them?
- Would you be alarmed if the side you oppose did the same thing? If yes, be alarmed no matter who is doing it.
The calendar
Before August 5 (more than 90 days out)
- Control of elections moved from career administrators to political appointees.
- Experienced election officials driven out by threats.
- Unauthorized people given access to voting equipment.
- Polling places closed mostly in certain neighborhoods.
August 5 onward
Federal law requires large, systematic voter roll purges to be finished at least 90 days before a federal election.
- Mass removals of voters based on database matches.
- Mass challenges to voter eligibility filed by private groups.
- Voting rules changed too late to be reviewed.
- Claims that the election is rigged, made before any votes exist.
Mid-September to early October
Voting has already begun. Ballots for military and overseas voters are due out by September 19. In-person early voting opened in the first states on September 18, and many states start mailing ballots in September. Many states close voter registration in early October, some as early as October 4 or 5. Others let you register through Election Day.
- Wrong information about registration deadlines or who may vote.
- Registration websites or records that fail or are altered.
Mid-October
Most states open in-person early voting.
- Intimidation or armed presence at drop boxes or voting sites.
- Threats against election workers.
- Stolen private material leaked to sway the race.
- Swarms of fake accounts pushing the same message.
October 20 to October 30
- Plans announced to put troops or armed agents at polling places. Federal law prohibits this.
- Sudden investigations of election officials.
- Emergency orders that change how voting works.
October 31 to November 2 (the final 72 hours)
Falsehoods land hardest now because there is little time to correct them.
- Fake audio or video of candidates or officials.
- False voting instructions: wrong date, wrong place, or "vote by text." Voting by text message is not real. If a message says otherwise, it is a scam.
- False reports of violence or closures at polling sites.
Election Day, November 3
- Hoax threats that shut down polling places.
- Armed presence at the polls.
- Anyone declaring victory before the votes could support it.
- Demands to stop counting lawfully cast ballots.
November 4 until your state certifies
Most states certify within about a month of Election Day. The latest deadlines fall in the second week of December.
- Pressure on officials to change vote totals.
- Ballots or machines seized without a court order.
- Officials refusing to certify results without specific, documented evidence.
- Totals that do not match the paper ballot audit.
Certification through early January 2027, when the new Congress is seated
- Attempts to set aside certified results.
- The same claims repeated after courts reject them for lack of evidence.
- Court orders ignored. This is the most serious sign on this list.
- Certified winners refused their seats without a real, evidence-based hearing.
What is normal
These are not warning signs:
- Counting that takes days. Many states lawfully count ballots that arrive after Election Day.
- A lead that shifts as different kinds of ballots are counted.
- A machine that breaks when paper ballots back it up.
- Recounts, and lawsuits that come with evidence.
- Individual fraud cases being caught and prosecuted. That is the system working.
- Close results, or results that differ from the polls.
What you can do
- Get voting information only from your state or county election office.
- Check your registration now, and again two weeks before Election Day.
- Do not share a shocking claim until an election office or a court record confirms it.
- Report intimidation to your local election office.
- Thank an election worker. Better yet, become one.